Conservation and the Economy
The Economic Benefits of Public Lands
Notes and Bibliography
Bibliography
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Bureau of Land Management Information and Publishing Services Section. 2009. National Landscape Conservation System (brochure). Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.
California State Parks Foundation. 2009. California State Park Access Pass Frequently Asked Questions. Sacramento: California State Parks Foundation (Save Our State Parks Campaign).
Carver, Erin and James Caudill, PhD. 2007. Banking on Nature 2006: The Economic Benefits to Local Communities of National Wildlife Refuge Visitation. Washington. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Economics.
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U.S. Forest Service. Oct. 2008. National Visitor Use Monitoring Results - National Summary Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
1. Calculated from total expenditures of $76.7 billion (USFWS 2006, p. 4) using a multiplier of 2.68 for Total Industry Output (TIO). TIO includes direct, indirect, and induced effects of expenditures. TIO ratio and definition from Leonard 2008, p. 7.
2. Also see www.nps.gov/yell/parknews/09036.htm (Yellowstone), http://goldrushcam.com/wordpress/?p=56 (Yosemite), www.wyomingbusinessreport.com/article.asp?id=101970 (Grand Tetons), and http://tinyurl.com/parkstats (other parks).
3. Carver and Caudill 2007 (Banking on Nature) cite ~35 million annual visitors, but U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service website reports closer to 40 million, which is based on actual visitation data from all refuges combined. See www.fws.gov/refuges/about/bankingonnature.html.
4. The National Wildlife Refuge System homepage (www.fws.gov/Refuges/) lists the size of the refuge system at “more than 150 million acres.” This is because on January 17, 2009, Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne expanded the refuge system by 54 million acres by adding national monuments in the Pacific Ocean. See www.doi.gov/news/09_News_Releases/011609b.html.
5. This ratio not cited directly by Carver and Caudill but is based on data from their 2007 report, Banking on Nature. For ratio citation see http://news.mongabay.com/2007/1128-reserves.html and www.refugenet.org/new-publications/fldec08.html#TOC05.
